fisika instrumen

How to Create a Bootable Windows XP Setup CD

Before you can recreate a bootable Windows installation disk, certain things are required:

1. A Windows XP System
This guide only applies to Windows XP systems, be it XP Home or Professional. I have not tested this procedure on other versions of Windows.

2. An I386 Directory (Folder) on your Hard Disk
Note that only c:\i386 contains the files needed for this operation. Do not use the files in “C:\Windows\Driver Cache\i386″ or any other folders.

3. Windows License Key

4. Device Drivers

Some manufacturers provide you with the device drivers for your system on a CD that comes with your system. Others require you to go to their website and download these drivers. Whichever the case may be, make sure you have all your drivers handy before you start. Burn them onto a CD or DVD. Do not leave them on your hard disk, since your clean installation of Windows will probably wipe out everything on your hard disk. If your computer has SATA, IDE, SCSI or other mass storage devices (for your hard disks) that the Windows installer does not recognize out of the box, you will need to create a floppy disk with the drivers for that device. At the appropriate time, when Windows prompts you to hit F6 to load the drivers from a floppy disk, you will need to so. This is however outside the scope of this tutorial.

If your manufacturer has not provided you with any device drivers, or if you have lost the drivers CD or DVD that the vendor has provided you, all is not lost. You can try using a device driver backup program to extract the existing drivers on your currently running system. Burn the drivers onto a CD or DVD before starting. You can get a device driver backup program from the Free Device Driver Backup and Extraction Utilities page on thefreecountry.com. Note that backing up your device drivers in this manner will not help you if your computer has SATA, IDE, SCSI or other mass storage devices (for your hard disk) that Windows setup does not recognise. In such cases, you need the manufacturers’ textmode drivers which the driver backup utility will not recreate.

5. CD/DVD Burning Software

I will use ImgBurn, a free burning software that you can find listed on the Free CD and DVD Burners and Copying Software page. You can of course use other software, but since it is difficult for me to write a tutorial that covers every possible burning software around, this guide will assume that you are using ImgBurn. Since the software is available free of charge, I doubt that this choice will pose significant hardship for anyone.

6. Windows Setup CD Boot Sector

You will also need the boot sector of an existing bootable Windows 2000, XP or 2003 setup CDROM. The easiest way to get this is to download the file wxp10.zip from one of the links on http://www.nu2.nu/download.php?sFile=wxp10.zip. In fact, you should do this now. Download the file and save it on your desktop. You will need the file later.

I would also strongly suggest that you make a backup image of your entire system before you reinstall it. By entire system, I mean the whole system and not just your data. This is important in case there is some glitch in your installation or some fault in the setup CD that you create, resulting in an unusable system. In such a situation, you will be able to restore your working system from your backup image. (If you are not sure what a backup image is, or think that I’m only talking about saving your documents to another location, or worse, think that “image” refers to some sort of picture, please do not carry on with this procedure.)

If you don’t have a decent hard disk backup and image software, you can check out the Free Hard Disk Backup and Restore, Hard Disk Image and Cloning Utilitiespage. If you are tinkering with your system, you owe it to yourself (and your sanity) to get a good hard disk image (backup) program.

Steps to Creating a Bootable Windows Setup Disk from the I386 Directory/Folder

1. Create a temporary working folder at the root (top) of the C: drive called “XPSETUP” (without the quotes). Actually, you can name it anything you want and put it anywhere you like, but for ease of explanation, the remainder of the steps below will assume that you have created the XPSETUP folder in the root of drive C:. This C:\XPSETUP folder will be where you will create the CDROM directory structure for your bootable Windows CD.

2. Copy the entire C:\I386 to C:\XPSETUP. When you have finished, you will have C:\XPSETUP\I386. Notice that I said “copy”, not “move”. Do NOT drag and drop the I386 folder into the XPSETUP directory. If you do so, you may end up moving it into the XPSETUP folder (depending on where you created the XPSETUP folder). It is important to work from a copy of the I386 directory so that if you make mistakes, you can simply go back and start all over again. If you move the directory or drag and drop it, and you make a mistake, your mistake will be permanent. So once again, COPY the entire I386 folder to XPSETUP. It may take a while for the copy operation to complete, but it’s safer this way.
If you’re not sure how to copy, follow the following procedure: Highlight the I386 folder using Windows Explorer. Right-click the folder and select “Copy”. Then open the XPSETUP folder. The folder should be empty at the moment. Right click the empty space in the window and click “Paste”. A very lengthy copy procedure will take place.
To verify that you have copied the folder and not moved it, return to the top of C: and check that the I386 folder is still there and that the original files in that folder are still there.

3. Create an ASCII text file with only the word “Windows ” (without the quotes and including the final space after the word “Windows”) in it, followed by a new line. To do this, open up Notepad. Notepad can be found in your Start menu -> Programs -> Accessories -> Notepad. Type the word “Windows” without the quotes and following my case exactly (that is, “W” is a capital letter and the rest are in small letters). Then type one additional space. Finally, hit the ENTER key. Do not add anything else to this file. Do not change anything - for example, do not type everything in capital letters or anything like that. The contents of the file must be exactly as I said, or Windows setup will issue an error message.
Save the file with the filename “WIN51″ (include the quotes so that Notepad will not add a “.txt” extension behind your back) in C:\XPSETUP. Again, the filename’s spelling and case must be exactly like mine.
If your PC or laptop originally came with XP Home, make a copy of the file you just created and call it “WIN51IC”. If you are using XP Home Service Pack 1 (SP 1), make two copies of the file and call them “WIN51IC” and “WIN51IC.SP1″. If you are using XP Home Service Pack 2 (SP 2), make three copies of the file and call them “WIN51IC”, “WIN51IC.SP1″ and “WIN51IC.SP2″. All the copies of the files should be in C:\XPSETUP.
If your PC or laptop originally came with XP Professional, make a copy of the file you just created and call it “WIN51IP”. If you are using XP Professional Service Pack 1 (SP 1), make two copies of the file and call them “WIN51IP” and “WIN51IP.SP1″. If you are using XP Professional Service Pack 2 (SP 2), make three copies of the file and call them “WIN51IP”, “WIN51IP.SP1″ and “WIN51IP.SP2″. All the copies of the files should be in C:\XPSETUP.
Note carefully what I said above. You may be running XP SP 2 now, but if your PC came with XP SP 1, you should create the files for XP SP 1. There is an exception to this. If your PC or laptop came with XP or XP SP 1, but you want your Windows install CD to install XP SP 2, create the WIN51 files needed for SP 2 and follow the procedure for slipstreaming Windows service pack 2 (SP 2) into the Windows setup CDROM given in the next step.

4. If your PC or laptop came originally with XP or XP SP 1 (service pack 1) but you want your Windows setup disk to install XP SP 2, do the following. Otherwise, skip to the next step.
Note that even if you have since updated your computer to SP 2, you will still need to do this step if you want your setup CD to install Windows XP Service Pack 2. The reason is that updating your running Windows system does not automatically update the I386 directory. Your I386 directory still contains the Windows setup files belonging to whatever version of Windows you had when you first bought your PC/laptop.

1. Download Windows XP service pack 2 from http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyId=049C9DBE-3B8E-4F30-8245-9E368D3CDB5A&displaylang=en Save it anywhere you like except in the C:\XPSETUP folder. For the purpose of this tutorial, I will assume you saved it as C:\XPSP2.EXE, that is, in the root folder with the filename “XPSP2.EXE”.

2. You will need to update the C:\XPSETUP\I386 folder to contain the updated SP 2 files. As a side benefit, the service pack 2 updater will also create a few files (including setup.exe) in the C:\XPSETUP folder. This process of integrating the service pack files into the original XP or XP SP 1 is known as “slipstreaming”.
To slipstream SP 2, first open up a command prompt. To do this, click the Start menu, select the Run menu item, and enter the words “cmd”. Click the OK button. A black command prompt window will open.

Enter the following line into the window and press the ENTER key.

C:\XPSP2 /integrate:C:\XPSETUP

After the program finishes, you can close the command prompt window. If you look into your XPSETUP folder, you will notice a few new files there.

5. At this point, the C:\XPSETUP directory contains all the files that will be copied to your Windows Setup CDROM. Don’t worry if the directory does not contain files like “setup.exe” which you see on the retail CDROMs. You won’t need it for a fresh install from the bootable CDROM. Note: You will only have “setup.exe” if you had to slipstream Service Pack 2 as mentioned earlier. The Service Pack 2 slipstreamer creates setup.exe for you.

6. Now open the wxp10.zip file that you downloaded earlier. Simply doubleclicking it in Windows explorer should do the trick. Go into the cds directory and into wxphome (or wxppro; it doesn’t matter which) directory, followed by the files directory. Drag the “w2ksect.bin” file into C:\ (the root directory/folder of drive C:). Don’t get creative and place it in some other directory. If you do that, ImgBurn will not be able to find c:\w2ksect.bin later.

Burning the Bootable Windows Install CD/DVD

1. If you have not downloaded ImgBurn, get it now and install it. You will find it listed on thefreecountry.com’s Free CD and DVD Burners and Copying Software page.
The version of ImgBurn I used to create this guide was 2.3.2.0. My cursory test of a later version, 2.4.0.0, found that the resulting disk was not made correctly. Therefore, you should avoid 2.4.0.0. Either use the earlier version or get a version later than 2.4.0.0, if any, that has the bugs fixed.

2. Open up Notepad, and copy the text from the box below (make sure you select everything - click in the box and type Ctrl+A to select all) and paste it into a blank Notepad window. Save the file as “XPSETUP.ibb” (including the quotes, which you need to prevent Notepad from adding a “.txt” extension to your filename) somewhere on your desktop (or anywhere you like). Do not add or delete anything from the file.

IBB

[START_BACKUP_OPTIONS]
BuildMode=1
Destination=0
TestMode=0
Verify=1
WriteSpeed=0
Copies=0
FileSystem=1
PreserveFullPathnames=0
RecurseSubdirectories=1
IncludeHiddenFiles=1
IncludeSystemFiles=1
IncludeArchiveFilesOnly=0
AddToWriteQueueWhenDone=0
ClearArchiveAttribute=0
VolumeLabel_ISO9660=VRMHOEM_EN
VolumeLabel_Joliet=
VolumeLabel_UDF=
Identifier_System=
Identifier_VolumeSet=
Identifier_Publisher=
Identifier_Preparer=
Identifier_Application=
Dates_FolderFileType=0
Restrictions_ISO9660_InterchangeLevel=0
Restrictions_ISO9660_AllowMoreThan8DirectoryLevels=1
Restrictions_ISO9660_AllowMoreThan255CharactersInPath=1
Restrictions_ISO9660_AllowFilesWithoutExtensions=1
Restrictions_ISO9660_AllowFullASCIICharacterSet=1
Restrictions_ISO9660_DontAddVersionNumberToFiles=1
Restrictions_Joliet_InterchangeLevel=1
Restrictions_Joliet_AllowFilesWithoutExtensions=1
Restrictions_Joliet_AddVersionNumberToFiles=0
BootableDisc_MakeImageBootable=1
BootableDisc_MediaEmulationType=0
BootableDisc_BootImageFile=C:\w2ksect.bin
BootableDisc_DeveloperIdentifier=
BootableDisc_LoadSegment=07C0
BootableDisc_LoadSectorCount=4
[END_BACKUP_OPTIONS]

[START_BACKUP_LIST]
C:\XPSETUP
[END_BACKUP_LIST]

3. Start ImgBurn. Select Mode -> Build from the menu.

4. Select File -> Load Project from the menu. A dialog box will open. Select the XPSETUP.ibb file you saved earlier and click “Open”. If you can’t find a “Load Project” item on the File menu, it means you did not carry out the previous step. Go back and do it.

5. Click the “Labels” tab on the right side of the screen. Change the label in the ISO9660 field to one of the following, depending on what type of bootable setup CD you’re making.

Version Label to Use

Windows XP Home OEM WXHOEM_EN
Windows XP Home SP 1 OEM XRMHOEM_EN
Windows XP Home SP 1a and SP 2 OEM X1AHOEM_EN
Windows XP Professional OEM WXPOEM_EN
Windows XP Professional SP 1 OEM XRMPOEM_EN
Windows XP Professional SP 1a and SP 2 OEM X1APOEM_EN

6. This step is probably optional if you can’t be bothered. I seem to recall having entered a wrong label in the past without having the Windows installer fail on me.

7. Finally, click the “Write” icon at the bottom of the window. To find out which picture the “Write” button is (there are no visual cues, even as to which picture actually represents a button), hover your mouse over the the pictures near the bottom of the window and wait for the tooltip to appear. When you hover your mouse over the correct picture, a tooltip will appear with the text “Write”. (Note: depending on your version of ImgBurn, your icon may read “Build” instead of “Write”.)

8. A dialog box will probably pop up saying something like “You’ve only selected 1 folder! C:\XPSETUP. Does the ‘XPSETUP’ folder represent the root directory for the image content? (Otherwise the ‘XPSETUP’ folder will be visible in the root directory of the image.)” Click “Yes” to this. Basically, you want the contents of the XPSETUP folder to be what you see when you view the CDROM’s top level directory.

9. If you get an error message from ImgBurn regarding “c:\w2ksect.bin”, it means that you have missed one of the steps outlined above. Return to that paragraph and complete the step before continuing.

At this point, the bootable Windows setup disk will be created. To use it, place the CD into the CD drive, make sure your BIOS is set to boot first from your CD drive, and reboot. Viola, if all goes well, the Windows installer starts up and you’re on the way to reinstalling your system.

Copyright © 2006-2008 by Christopher Heng. All rights reserved.
thesitewizard™, thefreecountry™ and HowToHaven™ are trademarks of Christopher Heng.
Last updated: 27 March 2008.

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Preinstalled Windows System

Teori Relay

Relay SPDT (Single Pole Double Throw)

Rangkaian relay pengontrol digunakan sebagai komponen kontrol untuk peralatan yang beroperasi dengan tegangan DC atau AC, sehingga memberikan perlindungan bila terjadi kerusakan port pada komputer. Relay magnetic ini merupakan sebuah kumparan dengan induktansi spesifik yang menyebabkan sebuah kontak atau sambungan untuk membuka atau menutup ketika arus spesifik memuatnya. Sambungan ini akan tetap pada posisinya sampai arus turun akan dikendalikan oleh program pascal.

Prosedur:

1. merangkai rangkaian dari skema berikut: relay -> db25

2. memberi sinyal high pada port parallel.

3. menutup saklar battery

4. membuka saklar battery

5. mengambil data

Data praktikum:

1. saklar battery tertutup, led menyala.
2. saklar battery terbuka, redup.

Pembahasan:

Skema di atas dimaksudkan untuk memanfaat riley sebagai saklar. Ketika arus mengalir dari port parallel dan saklar battery terhubung, led akan menyala. Namun begitu saklar dibuka, led akan redup walaupun port parallel memberi sinyal high.
Hal tersebut dikarenakan sifat magnet riley hilang ketika tidak ada arus dari battrey yang mengalir. Sehingga pin c terlepas dan koneksi terputus.

A. PRAKTIKUM 8 LED DAN 12 LED
1. Led berjalan dari kiri ke kanan kemudian stop.
2. Led berjalan dari kanan ke kiri kemudian stop.
3. Led berjalan dari kiri ke kanan kembali ke kiri kemudian stop.
4. Led berjalan dari kiri ke kanan kembali ke kiri ke kanan dan kembali ke kiri kemudian stop.

Jawab:
Program yang dijalankan untuk menyala kan Led berjalan dari kiri ke kanan kemudian stop, adalah sebagai berikut:

- Kode program untuk 8 LED

program led_8;
uses crt;
var i:byte;

procedure r0;
begin
i:=128;
repeat
port[$378]:=i;
delay(500);
i:=i div 2;
until i=0;
end;

procedure r1;
begin
i:=1;
repeat
port[$378]:=i;
delay(500);
i:=i*2;
until i=0;
end;

begin
r0;
r1;
end.

- Kode program untuk led 12:

program led_12;
uses crt;
var i:byte;

procedure r0;
begin
port[$37a]:=$0b;
delay(1);
i:=1;
repeat
port[$378]:=i;
delay(500);
i:=i*2;
until i=0;
port[$378]:=i;
if i=0 then
port[$37a]:=$0a;
delay(500);
port[$37a]:=$09;
delay(500);
port[$37a]:=$0f;
delay(500);
port[$37a]:=$03;
delay(500);
end;

procedure r1;
begin
port[$37a]:=$0f;
delay(500);
port[$37a]:=$09;
delay(500);
port[$37a]:=$0a;
delay(500);

port[$37a]:=$0b;
i:=128;
repeat
port[$378]:=i;
delay(500);
i:=i div 2;
until i=0;
end;

begin
r0;
r1;
r0;
end.

analisa Program:

Pendefenisian i sebagai byte digunakan sebagai input nilai port parallel, untuk menggantikan nilai integer $xx seperti yang terlihat di baris 8. Nilai i yang didefenisikan sebagai byte dapat mewakili nilai integer, seperti yang terlihat pada tabel berikut:
Tabel 1. Tabel konversi I as byte ke I as integer.
I as byte I as integer Bit/biner I as byte I as integer Bit/biner
0 $00 0000 0000 128 $80 1000 0000
1 $01 0000 0001 64 $40 0100 0000
2 $02 0000 0010 32 $20 0010 0000
4 $04 0000 0100 16 $10 0001 0000
8 $08 0000 1000 8 $08 0000 1000
16 $10 0001 0000 4 $04 0000 0100
32 $20 0010 0000 2 $02 0000 0010
64 $40 0100 0000 1 $01 0000 0001
128 $80 1000 0000 0 $00 0000 0000

Seperti yang terlihat pada kode kode program di atas, program terdiri dari dua prosedur dan satu bagian untuk memanggil prosedur yang akan di jalankan. Prosedur dengan nama r0 ditujukan untuk menghidupkan led berjalan dari kiri ke kanan dan prosedur dengan nama r1 sebaliknya.
Untuk prosedur r0, nilai awal i bernilai 128 (i:=128;) yang bertujuan untuk menghidupkan 1 led paling kanan, seperti pada tabel di atas. Perintah repeat pada rosedur r0 menunjukkan perulangan atau pergantian nilai i dengan operasi pembagian variabel i dengan 2 (i:=i div 2;). Seperti yang kita ketahui, pada sistem perhitungan komputer, jika suatu nilai variabel menghasilkan nilai yang baru maka nilai terakhirlah yang akan disimpan, contoh;
“Jika nilai awal I = 1 lalu dioperasikan dengan operasi perkalian I = I x 2, maka nilai terakhir I bukan 1 lagi, melainkan 2 karena 1 x 2 = 2.”
Sehingga urutan nilai i yang dihasilkan operasi (i:=i div 2;) adalah 128, 64, 32, 8, 4, 2, dan 1. Serta membuat kesan led berjalan dari kiri ke kanan dengan selang waktu 0.5 detik ”delay(500).”
Karena nilai byte terkecil untuk port parallel adalah 0 dan nilai terbesar adalah 255 maka jika operasi menghasilkan nilai I < 0 atau I > 255 maka port akan membaca nilai tersebut sebagai nol. Sehingga jika i = 0 (until i=0;) maka prosedur selesai dijalankan dan diteruskan ke prosedur lain sesuai dengan perintah pemanggilan proedur.
Begitu juga pada prosedur r1, nilai awal i = 1 maka led sebelah kiri yang akan hidup. Diteruskan dengan nilai i berikutnya, yaitu 2, 4, 8, 32, 64, dan 128 (berdasakan operasi I:=I*2;). Hasilnya, led akan terlihat berjalan dari kanan ke kiri dengan selang waktu 0.5 detik ”delay(500).”
Untuk soal A3 kita memberikan printah prosedur r0, r1, dan r0. untuk soal A4 kita dapat memberikan printah prosedur r0, r1, r0, dan r1.

Untuk 12 led, rangkaian tersebut memanfatkan 4 pin pc untuk mengoperasikan 4 led dari 12 led yang ada. Terdapat 4 kode yang merepresentasikan alamat 4 pin pc tersebut, yaitu port[$37a]:=$0a untuk pc0, port[$37a]:=$09 untuk pc1, port[$37a]:=$0f untuk pc2, port[$37a]:=$03 untuk pc3.
Secara sederhana, pin pc tidak dapat mengoperasikan 4 led tersebut secara bergantian tanpa menggunakan perintah delay. Untuk untuk itu ditambahkan perintah delay setelah perintah port[$37a].
Susunan perintah port[$37a] pada tiap prosedur disusun sedemikian rupa agar dapat mengoperasikan 4 led tersebut secara berurut sehingga led terlihat berjalan.

B. PRAKTIKUM 32 LED
Buat huruf H, A, dan P dari 32 led (led matriks 4 X

Jawab.
Kode program untuk praktikum membuat huruf H adalah sebagai berikut:

program led32H;
uses crt;
begin
repeat
port[$378]:=$00; {memberi jalan arus kepada pc0}
port[$37a]:=$0a; {mengalirkan arus ke pc0}
delay(1);
port[$378]:=$f7; {memberi jalan arus kepada pc1 untuk data 4}
port[$37a]:=$09; {mengalirkan arus ke pc1}
delay(1);
port[$378]:=$f7; {memberi jalan arus kepada pc2 untuk data 4}
port[$37a]:=$0f; {mengalirkan arus ke pc2}
delay(1);
port[$378]:=$00; {memberi jalan arus kepada pc3}
port[$37a]:=$03; {mengalirkan arus ke pc3}
delay(1);
until keypressed;
end.

Kode program untuk praktikum membuat huruf A adalah sebagai berikut:

program led32A;
uses crt;
begin
repeat
port[$378]:=$00; {memberi jalan arus kepada pc0}
port[$37a]:=$0a; {mengalirkan arus ke pc0}
delay(1);
port[$378]:=$ee; {memberi jalan arus kepada pc1 utk data 1 & 5}
port[$37a]:=$09; {mengalirkan arus ke pc1}
delay(1);
port[$378]:=$ee; {memberi jalan arus kepada pc2 utk data 1 & 5}
port[$37a]:=$0f; {mengalirkan arus ke pc2}
delay(1);
port[$378]:=$00; {memberi jalan arus kepada pc3}
port[$37a]:=$03; {mengalirkan arus ke pc3}
delay(1);
until keypressed;
end.

Kode program untuk praktikum membuat huruf P adalah sebagai berikut:

program led32P;
uses crt;
begin
repeat
port[$378]:=$00; {memberi jalan arus kepada pc0}
port[$37a]:=$0a; {mengalirkan arus ke pc0}
delay(1);
port[$378]:=$ee; {memberi jalan arus kepada pc1 utk data 1 & 5}
port[$37a]:=$09; {mengalirkan arus ke pc1}
delay(1);
port[$378]:=$ee; {memberi jalan arus kepada pc2 utk data 1& 5}
port[$37a]:=$0f; {mengalirkan arus ke pc2}
delay(1);
port[$378]:=$e0; {memberi jalan arus kepada pc3 utk dat 1 s/d 5}
port[$37a]:=$03; {mengalirkan arus ke pc3}
delay(1);
until keypressed;
end.

Analisa program

Berdasarkan rangkaian 32 led, program yang dibuat untuk menghidupkan seluruh led adalah hanya dengan mengaktifkan saluran pc seperti contoh program berikut:

program led32;
uses crt;
begin
repeat
port[$37a]:=$0a;
delay(1);
port[$37a]:=$09;
delay(1);
port[$37a]:=$0f;
delay(1);
port[$37a]:=$03;
delay(1);
until keypressed;
end.

Program tersebut menghidupkan semua led secara serentak dengan bantuan perintah repeat dan delay(1) yang berarti mengulang eksekusi program dengan selang waktu 1/1000 detik sehingga mata kita tidak dapat melihat perulangan yang terjadi dan memberi kesan led terus menyala tanpa redupan.

Hal ini disebabkan karena saluran pc dikoneksikan ke kaki katoda led dan saluran data dikoneksikan pada kaki anoda led agar arus dapat melewati led dan menyalakan led (bias forward) selagi saluran data berada pada perintah port[$378]:=$00; ataupun data kosong. Namun ketika saluran data diberi nilai, misalnya port[$378]:=$ff; maka akan terjadi bias reserve yang menyebabkan led redup. Hal ini dapat dimanfaatkan untuk mengendalikan pengoperasian led, misalnya menyalakan beberapa led untuk membentuk suatu huruf pada tampilan 32 led.

C. PRAKTIKUM 7 SEGMENT
Membuat teks sebagai berikut “ FIS 2007 “

Komponen 7 segmen berjumlah satu, sehingga kode programnya sebagai berikut:

program fis_2007;
uses crt;
begin
port[$378]:=$71; {mengaktifkan data 1, 5, 6, 7 / a, f, g}
delay(500);
port[$378]:=$06; {mengaktifkan data 2, 3 / b, c}
delay(500);
port[$378]:=$6d; {mengaktifkan data 1, 3, 4, 6, 7 /a, c, d, f, g}
delay(500);
port[$378]:=$5b; {mengaktifkan data 1, 2, 4, 1, 3/ a,b,d,e,g}
delay(500);
port[$378]:=$3f; {mengaktifkan data 1, 2,3,4, 5, 6/a,b,c,d,e,f}
delay(500);
port[$378]:=$00; {data low}
delay(100);
port[$378]:=$3f; {mengaktifkan data 1, 2,3,4, 5, 6/a,b,c,d,e,f }
delay(500);
port[$378]:=$07; {mengaktifkan data 1, 2, 3/a,b,c}
delay(500);
end.

Analisa program:

Berdasarkan rangkaian dasar seven segmen,

hanya digunakan printah untuk mengaktifkan port data saja, yaitu port[$378]:=$xx;. Misalnya untuk membentuk angka 8, kita dapat mengisi data port dengan nilai $7f, untuk membuat angka 5 kita dapat mengisi data port dengan nilai $6D dan seterusnya.

wasalam; semoga bermanfaat :-}

ketika kita berfikir benar
sudahkah kita berfikir benar
ketika realita mengganggu mimpi kita, akankah kita terima dengan hati terbuka
teruslah berfikir jernih

Ide datang dengan sendirinya tanpa kita sangka-sangka. Tak peduli sebodoh apa kita. Kita terhalang pada perasaan kita akan keterpurukan. Hal semacam itu tidak perlu kita pikirkan. Membuangnya adalah satu-satunya cara untuk membangkitkan kreatifitas kita.

Kehidupan kita hampir sama dengan kehidupan anakmuda di negara-negara maju lainnya. Predikat kemelayuan yang kita sandang-lah yang menjadikan kita semakin terpuruk. Sesunggunya, kalau kita sadar akan nilai “kemanusiaan” kita, predikat semacam itu bisa kita buang jauh-jauh.

Tugas : Laporan Uji Komponen
Mata Kuliah : Instrumentasi Berbasis Komputer

LED

Gambar 1. Bentuk fisis dan simbol LED
LED adalah singkatan dari light emiting diode atau dalam bahasa indonesia biasa diartikan sebagai dioda yang dapat memancarkan cahaya. Seperti dioda, LED memiliki kutub anoda (+) dan kutub katoda (-) dan bekerja pada tegangan 1,6 Volt. Seperti yang terlihat pada gambar 1. Cahaya yang dipancarkan bervariasi jenisnya deradasarkan bahan pembentuknya. LED yang banyak beredar dipasaran adalah LED cahaya tampak.
Pengujian LED
Pengujian LED bertujuan untuk menentukan kelayakan LED dan menetukan jenis kutubnya.
Prosedur Pengujian
Prosedur pengujian led sebagai berikut:
1. Memilih multimeter yang layak digunakan.
2. Menetukan probe pada multimeter;
a. Untuk probe positif ditandai dengan tanda plus (+)/warna merah.
b. Untuk probe negatif ditandai dengan tanda plus (-)/warna putih atau hitam.
3. Memilih option Ohm Meter pada multimeter.
4. Menghubungkan kutub-kutub LED dengan probe multimeter seperti pada gambar 2.
a. Probe positif multimeter dihubungkan ke kutub yang panjang (anoda) dan probe negatif multimeter dihubungkan ke kutub yang pendek (katoda).
b. Probe positif multimeter dihubungkan ke kutub yang pendek (katoda) dan probe negatif multimeter dihubungkan ke kutub yang panjang (anoda).
5. Mengumpulkan data.
6. Analisa data.
7. Kesimpulan.

Gambar 2. Diagram pengujian
Data Pengujian LED
Dari pengujian di peroleh data sebagai berikut:
1. Ketika probe positif multimeter dihubungkan ke kutub yang panjang (anoda) dan probe negatif multimeter dihubungkan ke kutub yang pendek (katoda), LED tidak menyala.
2. Ketika probe positif multimeter dihubungkan ke kutub yang pendek (katoda) dan probe negatif multimeter dihubungkan ke kutub yang panjang (anoda), LED menyala.
Analisa Data
Dari data yang diperoleh, diketahui bahwa ketika probe positif multimeter dihubungkan ke kutub yang pendek (katoda) dan probe negatif multimeter dihubungkan ke kutub yang panjang (anoda), LED menyala. Sedangkan kutub katoda itu sendiri merupakan kutub negatif. Seharusnya, jika kita lihat dari prinsipnya bahwa bias forward (dioda menyala) terjadi jika kutub anoda led dihubungkan ke kutub positif sumber tegangan.
Dari analisa di atas dapat kita pahami bahwa probe positif multimeter mewakili kutub negatif sumber tegangannya.
Kesimpulan
Dari data dan analisa di atas, dapat kita simpulkan bahwa kutub anoda dan kutub katoda LED adalah seperti pada gambar berikut:

Gambar 3. Kutub-kutub pada LED hasil pengujian

Dan jika Point1b pada prosedur di atas menujukkan led tidak menyala, maka dapat disimpulkan led dalam keadaan rusak.

SEVEN SEGMEN
Seven segmen merupakan sebuah rangkaian led yang dibuat guna merepresentasikan angka desimal serta huruf. Ada dua tipe seven segmen yaitu common cathode dan common anode. Seperti yang digambarkan pada gambar di bawah ini.

Gambar 4. Skema rangkaian Seven Segmen
Sedangkan bentuk fisiknya adalah sebagai berikut:

(a) (b)
Gambar 5. Bentuk fisik dari seven segmen
Dari gambar di atas dapat kita lihat bahwa seven segmen terdiri dari 8 led yaitu led a, led b, led c, led d, led e, led f, led g, dan led dp. Pada gambar 5(b) huruf-huruf seperti a, b, c, d, e, f, g, dp, K dan K menggambarkan pin-pin dari seven segmen. Dan huruh K menunjukkan tipe seven segmen, yaitu Common Kathode.
Pengujian Seven Segmen
Pengujian seven segmen bertujuan untuk menentukan kelayakan dan tipe seven segmen.
Prosedur Pengujian
1. Memilih Multimeter yang layak.
2. Memutar option Ohm Meter.
3. Menandai tiap segmen dengan huruf-huruf seperti a, b, c, d, e, f, g, dp. Seperti pada gambar 6.
4. Mencari pin K atau pin ground pada seven segmen.
5. Menghubungkan satu persatu pin-pin yang ada pada seven segmen dengan probe multimeter. Dan sebagai referensinya pin ground.
6. Mengumpukan data.
7. Analisa data.
8. Kesimpulan.

Gambar 6. Diagram pengujian
Data Pengujian
Tabel 1. Data Pengujian Seven Segmen

Led yang menyala Pin seven segmen terhadap probe positif/Kutub (-) Pin seven segmen terhadap probe negatif/Kutub (+)
a 3 7
8 7
b 3 6
8 6
c 3 4
8 4
d 3 2
8 2
e 3 1
8 1
f 3 9
8 9
g 3 10
8 10
dp 3 5
8 5
Analisa Pengujian
Dari data yang diperoleh, ditunjukkan bahwa pin 8 dan 3 dikoneksikan dengan probe positif multimeter atau kutub negatif smber tegangan. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pin 8 dan pin 3 merupakan pin ground.
Data yang lain dapat diinetpretasikan ke dalam gambar 7, yang berarti seven segmen yang diuji bertipe Common Kathode.

Gambar 7. Inetpretasi data pengujian ke dalam sirkuit led
Kesimpulan
Dari data dan analisa di atas, dapat kita simpulkan bahwa seven segmen yang di uji bertipe Common Kathode dan layak untuk dipakai.

KONFIGURASI PIN PADA PORT PARALLEL.

Gambar 8. Pin port parallel female (betina) Tipe DB 25

Port parallel memiliki tiga bagian penting, yaitu: Port data (DP) yaitu dari pin 2 sampai dengan pin 9; Port control (PC) atau port read/write yaitu pin 1, 14, 16, dan pin 17; Port status (PS) atau port read only yaitu pin 10, 11, 12, 13, dan pin 15. Pin-pin berikutnya merupakan pin ground.
Pada tabel berikut ditunjukkan konfigurasi pi-pin port parallel.
Tabel 2. Konfigurasi pin port parallel Tipe DB 25

Pin (D-Type 25) SPP Signal Direction In/out Register Hardware Inverted
1 nStrobe In/Out Control Yes
2 Data 0 Out Data
3 Data 1 Out Data
4 Data 2 Out Data
5 Data 3 Out Data
6 Data 4 Out Data
7 Data 5 Out Data
8 Data 6 Out Data
9 Data 7 Out Data
10 nAck In Status
11 Busy In Status Yes
12 Paper-Out / Paper-End In Status
13 Select In Status
14 nAuto-Linefeed In/Out Control Yes
15 nError / nFault In Status
16 nInitialize In/Out Control
17 nSelect-Printer / nSelect-In In/Out Control Yes
18 - 25 Ground Gnd

Silverchair - The Greatest View
A B7
You’re the analyst, the fungus in my milk
A Am A E
When you want no-one and you’ve got someone
A B7
Through the wind you crawl, a life of burning dunes
Bb F5 G5
Where no-one else would ever see

Asus A C D
Now that you know why you feel like you do
Asus A C D
They’re turning their head whilst they wait for no-one
Asus A F# C D E
And finally I know why you feel like letting go

A Amaj Bm
I’m watching you watch over me
D F
And I’ve got the greatest view from here 2x

A B7
Mistakes don’t mean a thing if you don’t regret them
A Am A E
So pack your tactic tools for the new tool
A B7
She didn’t want to fall to improve the withered skin
C D
No one else would ever see

A Amaj Bm
I’m watching you watch over me
D F
And I’ve got the greatest view from here 2x

Asus A C D
Now that you know why you feel like you do
Asus A C D
They’re turning their head whilst they wait for no-one
A5 F#5 C5 D5 E
And finally I know why I feel like you’re letting me go

A Amaj Bm
I’m watching you watch over me
D F
And I’ve got the greatest view from here 2x

Chord list:
A Amaj Am Asus D F B7 Bm E F5 G5 C
e|-0-| e|-0-| e|-0-| e|-0-| e|-5-| e|-X-| e|-0-| e|-2-| e|-0-| e|—| e|—| e|-0-|
B|-2-| B|-5-| B|-1-| B|-3-| B|-7-| B|-1-| B|-0-| B|-3-| B|-0-| B|—| B|—| B|-1-|
G|-2-| G|-6-| G|-2-| G|-2-| G|-7-| G|-2-| G|-2-| G|-4-| G|-1-| G|—| G|—| G|-0-|
D|-2-| D|-6-| D|-2-| D|-2-| D|-7-| D|-3-| D|-1-| D|-4-| D|-2-| D|-3-| D|-5-| D|-2-|
A|-0-| A|-0-| A|-0-| A|-0-| A|-5-| A|-X-| A|-2-| A|-2-| A|-2-| A|-3-| A|-5-| A|-3-|
E|—| E|—| E|—| E|—| E|—| E|—| E|—| E|—| E|-0-| E|-1-| E|-3-| E|—|
a d F#
e|-0-| e|-2-| e|-2-|
B|-5-| B|-3-| B|-2-|
G|-6-| G|-2-| G|-3-|
D|-7-| D|-0-| D|-4-|
A|-0-| A|—| A|-4-|
E|—| E|—| E|-2-|
xinininho@iol.pt

Keingina selalu ada.
Tetapi sesorang bilang kalo aku harus bersaha mencapainya.

Entah apa yang ada dipikiran ku
Ego atau prinsip.
Untuk sekarang aku rasa semua sama saja.

Susah memang memprioritaskan suatu hal.
Sebeluma ada motivasi.

Ada rasa iri
Tapi kurasa itu hak orang lain.
Kita harus terima kenyataan.
Karena kenyataan bukan di hadapan kita,
Tapi ada di ruang dan waktu yang kita tempati.

Kemungkinan pasti ada.
Karena hari esok tidak ada yang tahu selain Allah.

Apakah ada hari esok?
Sebuah pertanyaan retorik.
Selain kita sendiri, ngak ada yang bias menentukan nasib kita.
Kecuali kematian yang udah menjadi jadwal kita sejak dari lahir.

13-08-07
02:95 AM

D.I.Y

Design and Construct Heartbeat Detector
Use Ultrasonic Doppler Effect Based On PC

Muhammad Rizki
Student of Physics Department Universitas Negeri Medan

Abstract
Heart attack is one of diseases that occur on second place in level of diseases with dead risk. The simple methods for check the heartbeat usually use stethoscope. To get the detail of heart condition, it can be used electrocardiograph (ECG) or phonocardiograph (PCG). However, these instruments are very expensive so that not every hospital owns these instruments.
The advance of technology, especially computer technology, allow us to solves this problem more be simple. The heartbeat can be record via PC’s soundcard and display the rhythm by graphic on monitor.
To detecting the heartbeat, ultrasonic transducer can be use. Doppler Effect method on Ultrasonic theme is matches for this problem. The wave from vibration of heart would be influence the wave which transferred by ultrasonic transducer. After that, the mechanical signal, i.e. the wave that received transducer converted to electric signal, than downloaded by soundcard.
Some variable are the frequency sampling of transducer. That is 11025 Hz, 22050 Hz, and 44100 Hz, and the detected input signal about 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. The amplitude of input signal is 2VAC and the display buffer is 50 ms.
The results, obtain good values for all parameters and suitable with the specification that designed. The test using normal and abnormal heart sound and display the graphic recording of heart sound on monitor of personal computer.

1. INTRODUCTION
Some case of dead is causes by heart attack. Low knowledge of the peoples about healthy care is one of causes. Some people just know they heart condition after they heart condition is bad.
The simple detector is stethoscope. For check the detail of heart condition, we have to use ECG or PCG. These instruments used if the heart condition is worse. More ever, these instruments are very expensive so not every hospital owns these instruments.
Ultrasonic Doppler Effect can be made as a cheaper instrument. To make the heart detector based on PC there are some problem. i.e.: How to design and construct the transducer Operational Amplifier, how to design and construct the interface system to download the output of transducer to computer system, and how to programming the computer system to display the graphic of heartbeat on monitor.

2. THEORY

2.1 Function of Tape Recorder of Heartbeat
Inspection to know disparity of heart organ, by doing number of heart tick i.e. blood pressure, rhythm of heart tick, and others. Patient with disparity of heart function, inspection of heartbeat is needed. These treatments are to know the interval time of systoles, frequency of heart tick, and phase of heart cycle. Some variable are relate to heartbeat, that is voice intensity, frequency, duration, its hardness, tone, and sound colors.
Sensor or transducer are used to convert the voice of heart becomes the electric signal. One of sensor, which used is stethoscope. Change of stethoscope surface because of voice of heart tick will cause the change capacitance yielded. The other way is use the ultrasonic effect Doppler method.

2.2 Sound Cardiovascular
Sound cardiovascular yielded in or around big vein and heart, sends through solid media, and melts to thorax wall. During auscultation heart, we will listen the sound which conducted by air through stethoscope. Auscultation heart limited by two factor, i.e. first by sill of sensitivities of human being ear. Normal adult can hear the voice about 20 until 14.000 cps, but the best heard between 1000 until 5000 cps. Less than 1000 cps heard becomes a progressive degradation at sensitivities hearing. Most of all sound cardiovascular, which significant by clinics, is became the frequency 20 until 500 cps (sometime reach 1000 cps). A sound cardiovascular, which audible as harder and softer voice. The second factor is stethoscope itself.

2.3 Stethoscope
Sign from good stethoscope send the goodness of low frequency sound (20 until 100 cps) and high frequency sound (100 until 1000 cps). Component of low frequency from sound with fixed frequency will bother the high frequency component. As a result, component of high frequency from sounds heard loudly or even not heard. Diaphragm from stethoscope will weaken the low frequencies (20 until 100cps) and selectively send the high frequency so that can be auscultated. Correct use from diaphragm or bell is important for the accurate of auscultation.
Correct election stethoscope of heart show at figure. Ear plates have to be big enough and snugly, so that do not enter the canals auriculars (its hose have to be flexible start from 12 until 14 inches). Its chest has to be consisted of the bell and diaphragm. Bell used to listen the sound and murmur with the lower frequency, while diaphragm uses for the sound of and murmur with the higher-level frequency. Divisible sounds Cardiovascular become:
a) Finite sound or transient is called heart sound.
b) Longer combination from vibrates, is called murmur heart.
Heart sound, which auscultated often divisible become:
a) Normal sound (S1 and S2).
b) Abnormal variation from S1 and S2.
c) A sound that heard physiological or pathological (S3 and S4).
d) Sound which usually mirror the heart sickness like voice ejects or click the (SE), click the mid or final of systolic (KMS) and opening snap (OS).
Before physical examination, patient has to be placed in quite room. Radio, television, and conversation represent the especial trouble to a success inspection. For the auscultation of start, patient has to be supine and upraised body 30 degree.
Throb of Artery carotid used to determine the sound of heart and murmur. S1 happened momentary before incidence of systolic carotids throb and S2 before or at the same time with the wave of dichotic notch of throb carotids. After the S1 and S2 determination, other heart sound can be determined.

2.4 Main Area of Heart Auscultation
To obtain the heart voice the other observation is conducted at four areas. That is shown at Figure 1. Although for the advance, inspection is farther need to sighting at additional area. The four especial areas are:
1)Aorta area (2RSB).
2)Area Pulmonal (2LSB).
3)Area Tricuspid (4LSB).
4)Area Mitral/apeks (5MCL).

Figure 1. Especial area of heart auscultation. (Emanuel Stein: 1994, 10)

2.5 Ultrasonic Doppler Effect Transducer
Ultrasonic transducer of Doppler Effect represents transducer using ultrasonic wave principe. Difference calculation between transmission wave frequency with the reflected wave frequency, is obtainable to determine frequency of friction Doppler. The ultrasonic transducer work principle shown at Figure 2. At transducer of Doppler Effect, Fs represent transmitted ultrasonic wave, while Fr represent the reflected ultrasonic wave. So that, there are three conditions might be happened i.e.:
a. If ultrasonic wave hit the silent medium hence Fs = Fr
b. If ultrasonic wave hit the peripatetic medium to the direction sensor hence Fs < Fr
c. If ultrasonic wave hit the peripatetic medium avoid the transducer direction, hence Fs > Fr.
If ultrasonic wave hit the unmoved medium, so the frequency of displacement Doppler Effect is countable, that is as follows:
Fc = Fr – Fs (1)
From frequency of displacement, Doppler Effect can be obtained the frequency from the peripatetic medium.

3. METHOD
The method to solve the internal issue in this research is doing software programming, which can present the signal of the heartbeat on the screen monitor. In this research, some procedure as follows:
1. Observe the specifics of heartbeat recorder i.e. (ECG or PCG). This observed as reference to determine the specifics hardware that available in market. Some variable considered are:
O Sampling Frequency, which can be used in this program, that is 11025 Hz, 22050 Hz, and 44100 Hz, so that frequency of signal input, which be able to detects that is 20 Hz until 20 KHZ.
O Amplitude of signal input is 2V AC with buffer of appearance signal is 50 ms.
2. Design and construct circuit by considering aspect of circuit scheme and determine the needed component. In general, block of appliance shown in Figure 2.1.

Figure 2.1. Block Diagram.

3. Programming the software use Borland Delphi version 5.
4. Test the entirely instrument as examination of result of signal recording of heartbeat in computer monitor.
4. EXAMINATION
The tested by using normal heartbeat and abnormal heartbeat are marked by disparity of heartbeat with the existence of murmur. Follow the example of the appearance program shown Figure 3 and 4.

Figure 3. The continue voice of normal heartbeat of S1 and S2.

Figure 4. The continue voice of murmur of S1 and S2.

5. DATA ANALYSIS

Best heart Voice (S1) is auscultated at heart apex area (area of mitral or 4th area). This matter is proved by hear S1. Break area tricuspids marked with many ripple or oscillation from heart. Voice of S1 heard as single sound heard at aorta and apex area.
a. The record voice of heart patient by atrium septum defect, sees that signal which recorded some ripple with the period which length enough. Those heart voices were caused:
a. Heavy pulmonal stenos knob.
b. Mitral regurgitation, which significant left ventricle disfunction.
c. The right branch of jars blocks which significant self-ventricle disfunction.
d. Defect of septum atrium.
b. Heart murmur described by a high or low tone with the frequency reach on 60 to 100 cps. Heart murmur can be the middle tone, harsh or ossify reach about 100 until 150 cps as well as can be high impressing with the bigger frequency with 300 cps
c. As a complete heard voice, heart murmur has period oscillation or longer ripples, so that the heart voice S1 and S2 become progressively impersonate.

6. CONCLUSION
From result of instrument test, inferential that:
1. Program has been worked, that is present the heart voice, which the sampling process uses the facility from soundcard. Specification of program, which made that is:
* Frequency Sampling is 11025 Hz, 22050 Hz and 44100 Hz, so that frequency of signal input which detected is 20 Hz until 20 KHZ.
* Maximal Amplitude Signal input is 2 Vpp
* Buffer of Appearance signal is 50 ms
2. The quality of signal that present in this program is the output of heartbeat from sensor of Doppler Effect.
3. The conditional signal circuit, which made just limited to amplifying signal with the reinforcement until 5 times.
4. Input to sound card and output from sensor was selected at 1 Vpp until 2 Vpp. This
5. The result presented a normal heartbeat and abnormal hart bit.
7. SUGGESTION
To get some appearance information of heartbeat, writer suggests:
1. Time/Div election is about 10 ms/div or 20 ms/div, so that be able to detect the heartbeat until some period in one screen.
2. The resolution of screen more expected to deep resolution, so that will be optimal to present the heartbeat in a few second period.
3. To fill this suggestion, hence in programming require large memory capacities and high speed processor so that yielding figure with real time.

REFERENCE
Doebelin, Ernest O. 1990. Measurements System Application and Design. Fourth Edition. Department of Mechanical Engineering the Ohio State University: McGraw-Hill, International Edition.
DuBovy, Joseph, 1992, Introduction to Biomedical Electronics, McGraw-Hill, International Edition.
Lukkarinen S., Sikio K., 1997, Novel Software for Real-Time Processing of Phonocardiograph Signal , 19th Annual International Conference IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Chicago, USA
Huiying L., Lukkarinen S., 1997, A Heart Sound Segmentation Algorithm Using Wavelet Decomposition , International Conference IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Chicago, USA
Zaks, Rodnay & Lesea, Austin. 1993. Microprocessor Interfacing Techniques. Third Edition. Prentice-Hall, Inc., USA